Introduction to SQL
What is SQL?
- Definition of SQL (Structured Query Language)
- Importance of SQL in Database Management Systems (DBMS)
- Types of SQL Queries: DDL, DML, DCL, TCL
Relational Databases and Tables
- Understanding Relational Databases
- Structure of a Table: Rows, Columns, and Keys
- Primary Key, Foreign Key, and Unique Key Constraints
SQL Basics
SQL Syntax and Structure
- SQL Statements: SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE
- Basic Syntax Rules in SQL
- SQL Keywords and Reserved Words
SQL Data Types
- Common Data Types in SQL (INT, VARCHAR, DATE, etc.)
- Data Type Constraints: NOT NULL, UNIQUE, DEFAULT
- Numeric, String, and Date Data Types
Basic SQL Operations
- SELECT Statement: Retrieving Data from a Table
- WHERE Clause: Filtering Data
- DISTINCT Keyword: Removing Duplicates
- ORDER BY Clause: Sorting Data
Data Manipulation in SQL
INSERT INTO Statement
- Syntax of the INSERT INTO Statement
- Inserting Single and Multiple Rows
UPDATE Statement
- Syntax of the UPDATE Statement
- Updating Specific Rows with the WHERE Clause
DELETE Statement
- Syntax of the DELETE Statement
- Deleting Specific Rows with the WHERE Clause
SQL Functions
Aggregate Functions
- COUNT, SUM, AVG, MIN, MAX
- GROUP BY Clause: Grouping Data
- HAVING Clause: Filtering Grouped Data
String Functions
- CONCAT, LENGTH, LOWER, UPPER, SUBSTRING
- String Formatting Functions
Date Functions
- NOW, CURDATE, DATEADD, DATEDIFF
- Formatting Dates and Times in SQL
SQL Joins and Subqueries
Types of Joins
- INNER JOIN: Combining Rows from Two Tables Based on a Common Column
- LEFT JOIN (LEFT OUTER JOIN): Including All Rows from the Left Table
- RIGHT JOIN (RIGHT OUTER JOIN): Including All Rows from the Right Table
- FULL JOIN (FULL OUTER JOIN): Including All Rows from Both Tables
Subqueries
- Using Subqueries in SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE
- Correlated Subqueries vs. Non-Correlated Subqueries
Advanced SQL Concepts
Normalization and Denormalization
- The Concept of Database Normalization (1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF)
- Advantages of Normalization
- Denormalization: When and Why to Denormalize Data
Indexes
- Definition and Importance of Indexes in SQL
- Creating and Dropping Indexes
- Types of Indexes: Clustered vs. Non-Clustered Indexes
Views
- Creating and Managing Views
- Using Views to Simplify Complex Queries
SQL Constraints and Transactions
Constraints in SQL
- PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, UNIQUE, CHECK, DEFAULT
- ALTER TABLE Command: Modifying Constraints
- Handling Constraint Violations
Transactions
- Understanding SQL Transactions (ACID Properties: Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability)
- COMMIT, ROLLBACK, and SAVEPOINT
- Managing Transactions with BEGIN TRANSACTION
SQL Performance Optimization
Query Optimization Techniques
- Analyzing Execution Plans
- Using EXPLAIN to Understand Query Performance
- Indexing for Faster Query Execution
Database Tuning
- Optimizing Queries for Speed and Efficiency
- Using Caching and Buffering in SQL Databases
Advanced SQL Topics
Stored Procedures and Functions
- Creating and Using Stored Procedures
- Writing SQL Functions to Encapsulate Logic
Triggers
- Definition and Use of Triggers in SQL
- Creating and Managing Triggers
Common Table Expressions (CTEs)
- Using CTEs for Complex Queries
- Recursive Queries with CTEs
SQL Security and Best Practices
SQL Security Basics
- User Roles and Permissions in SQL Databases
- Granting and Revoking Permissions
SQL Injection Prevention
- Understanding SQL Injection Attacks
- Best Practices for Preventing SQL Injection Vulnerabilities
Best Practices in SQL Programming
- Writing Clean and Readable SQL Code
- SQL Query Formatting and Optimization Tips